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You don’t really understand what has happened and who he really is. Without information as to what Narcissism is, it is almost impossible to understand:

Why there seems to be two completely different people inside him?
How he could have changed so dramatically?
Why he is so nice at times and then so nasty at others?
What causes that change? He also talked so much about love and higher values in the beginning, but his real behaviour has only really reflected selfishness and self interest.

You keep waiting for the initial person you fell in love with to re-emerge. He did such an effective job of his “Sales Presentation” to you in the courting phase, pretending to be all you could have wanted in a relationship, and it was so believable, that you just want that version of him to re-appear again, so you can have the relationship you thought you were going to have and have committed to, and just be able to get on with it.

But, unfortunately, the “Sales presentation” version of him that you fell in love with, is NOT REAL. The feelings, passion and intensity he first showered you with were all a fraud. This version of him will never return, because there is no truth to it. It is not real. It was the lure to get you in. He will only use it again if he decides he wants to re-lure you back in. IT IS NOT REAL..

It feels unfinished in that there seemed to be so much promise that hasn’t really happened yet. He has promised you the world, and you have been left with crumbs. He is very capable of a great seduction and pretence when courting you, but not at all interested, nor is he capable, of being a real partner in any real way, with empathy and compromise from each other.

You feel if only he understood how hurt you have been then it would change him. It can be difficult to accept that he really doesn’t care about how hurt you are as a result of his behaviour. He may have pretended to care initially, so you want to believe that he does really, but in reality he doesn’t, and it can be difficult to accept that you have given your love and commitment to someone who just doesn’t care how hurt you are feeling.

You can take on some of the blame your partner has thrown at you,(and continues to throw at you) and blame yourself. By the time you have decided to leave, you will have experienced your share of put downs, belittling, judgements and criticisms, both subtle and very obvious. While these constitute his projections of his own characteristics only, it is difficult not to take on some of them, particularly when he has repeatedly blamed you. This may leave you thinking that some of this has actually been your fault and perhaps if you tried harder, you could make it work. Please know that while you have participated in this dance with the Narcissist, you have NOT contributed in the way you are now blaming yourself. In fact you have probably tried too hard in the relationship already, and not seen that he has not been willing to take responsibility for his part in it. It is now time to take responsibility for yourself and your own happiness.

There is no closure with the Narcissist. He will not be interested in acknowledging his guilt in the relationship ending, so you will not be able to have any shared closure with him. He will in fact be projecting and blaming you for everything, while keeping himself squeaky clean in his delusion. He may also want to involve others close by, sharing his fantasy version of how wonderful he has been and how appalling you have. Remind yourself that in actuality, he is covering his terror and worthlessness with a fantasy based on rationalisations and lies, and that you know in your own truth what efforts you have made.

You can’t understand why he doesn’t really try to work on the relationship. To be willing to work on your relationship, you need to be honest and accountable, two things the narcissist can’t tolerate. In reality, he doesn’t see he has a problem and doesn’t want the relationship to be any different from what it is. He has created the fantasy this way, and he wants it to stay this way as it is serving his desires. This is usually more important than any relationship to him.

You question just what in the relationship was real at all. It is a extremely mindbogglingly painful to realise that you have been taken in by a clever conman and have trusted this person when he was far from trust worthy, and for as long as you have. Also, that his motives have not been to love you, as stated, but simply to gain his Narcissistic supply from you, a mere source for him.

It takes time, processing, deep soul searching, and usually assistance from a trained Psychologist to come to the full realisation of the reality of the relationship you have been living in, and to gain closure and move forward into a healthier relationship.

At the Hart Centre we have over 50 Psychologists around Australia who have been trained in understanding and helping you with Narcissism and Narcissistic partners. If you’re having relationship issues with a narcissist Phone 1300 830 552.

Cosmetics are very costly as well as having a limited shelf-life. That is why caring for them is important to ensure you receive maximum value for money from cosmetic purchases. There is no better way to store your cosmetics and makeup items other than in a Cosmetic Organizer. Here are some factors to consider when choosing the best Cosmetic Organizer to store your cosmetics.

Organization
We all have busy lifestyles and have a desire to be better organized. Cosmetic Organizers enable you to get your cosmetic collection organized and in one place so you can find your cosmetics immediately. You no longer will waste time looking for your cosmetics when you are running late ever again. Cosmetic Organizers store all your cosmetics from blushes, bronzes, lipsticks, lip gloss, nail polishes, and accessories amongst all other cosmetics.

Design
It is important that your cosmetics are always on display so that you can get the item that you are after when you need it. Cosmetic Organizers made from Clear Acrylic are the most effective way to organise your cosmetic collection so you can see exactly what items you have. Makeup and Cosmetics have an expiry, used by date or a best before date. Cosmetic Organizers that are made from Clear Acrylic will enable you to see your cosmetics meaning you will be able to use them before they expire and become unuseable. Atheistically your Cosmetic Organizer must look great and be of modern design as you want your cosmetic collection on display at all times.

Functionality
Cosmetic Organizers ensure that your cosmetics are organized. This means that Cosmetic Organizers must be practical and functional. Cosmetic Organizers range in sizes from four drawer units to 6 drawer units with flip top lids. Cosmetic Organizers have a larger bottom drawer that is perfect to store larger cosmetic items. Units without the flip top lid are ideal to store your favourite perfumes and accessories on top of the units. It is best to store your most frequently used cosmetic items in the flip top lid compartment of your Cosmetic Organizer. Having the flip top lid makes these items ease to get to.

Value for Money
Cosmetic Organizers are extremely cost effective and should be considered as an investment for your cosmetic collection. In no time, the Cosmetic Organizer will pay for itself as you will be able to find your cosmetics before they expire saving money on unnecessary replacement costs.

The Makeup Box Shop is the home of the original Cosmetic Organizer. The Makeup Box Shop has Cosmetic Organizers to suit all your makeup storage needs.

Sovereign Press Printing produces affordable full colour printing results, offering the greatest in colour clarity and vibrance, with a minimum of bleed. We use the lithographic process as the best solution to balancing time and affordability with price, producing works in the most efficient way possible while still retaining quality.

Metallic printing
Use metallic prints to add even more intensity, colour and variety to your photographs. Metallic photos are made on laminate paper that creates a metallic, iridescent quality, removing glare in the same way that matte paper does, while still containing the luster and vibrance of a glossy paper. Metallic prints are also extremely durable and are much less likely to smudge or become damaged.
Aqueous inline varnish

Printing varnishes are used to protect prints from tears, rubbing, fingerprints and other forms of wear and tear, and are now a standard aspect of the printing process. We offer aqueous coatings that are water based and fast drying as a more affordable solution in comparison to more time consuming coatings. As well as providing protection, coatings add an additional “classier” look to prints that are now the norm.

Matte/Gloss Lamination
Lamination is used in printing to provide an additional layer of protection to materials as well adding an attractive finish, adding texture, depth and vibrance to a design. Both gloss and matte lamination involve using an adhesive thermoplastic polymer which is pressed by hot rollers to the paper. Gloss is the shiny, reflective appearance often used in fashion and photography. While less expensive than matte lamination, the intense glare that often occurs can be offputting to some consumers. Matte lamination is more expensive but has the feature of reflecting less light and absorbing more glare.

Spot UV
UV coating uses ultraviolet radiation to instantly “cure” prints, both protecting the print as well as giving it a sleek glossy look. Spot UV coating is unique in that it can be applied to specific features of a print in order to highlight it, giving it an extra element of depth and detail. This is often used for elements of a print that you want the eye to be drawn to, such as the logo or point of sale.

Embossing
Embossing is the technique of using heat and pressure to create a raised 3D effect on paper or metal, creating an attractive and tactile addition to a print. Mainly used on type and logos, embossing imparts elegance and sophistication, and draws the eye to the elements of a print that you desire.

Foiling
Foiling or foil stamping is simply the application of pigment or metallic foil to a design. While several colours can be used, gold or silver are the most popular choices, as they impart a feeling of wealth and class, reminiscent of classical gold binding. Foiling can be used for both titles, small and large text, borders and logos and other designs. Foiling can also be combined with embossing to create an even more striking 3D design.

Form Cutting/perfing/scoring
We offer superb expertise in custom cutting techniques for commercial prints, creating unique and eye-catching designs. In an environment saturated by media and advertising, a unique shape or appearance could be just the thing that makes your design stands out.

If you are looking for Ballarat printers or colour printers Ballarat, make sure you contact Sovereign Press Printing. Sovereign Press Printing - colour printing Ballarat are your printing experts for all printing and finishing jobs both big and small.

Under the best of circumstances, a relationship is hard to keep together. The modern globe we live in can make the job of keeping a relationship on track even more difficult. Between both partners having busy schedules that include work, overtime, kids, and life in general, there does not seem to be much time for couples to spend together strengthening their relationship. When they do have time together, it appears that they are constantly discussing monetary issues or other make any differences instead of their relationship. This can make it hard for many couples to keep the love and commitment in their relationship.

When partners start this pattern, they need to seek marriage and relationship counselling prior to their relationship gets beyond help. Seeking counselling early will give the couple a much better chance of saving their marriage or relationship. That is one thing that really should be made clear, counselling is not just for those that are married, any couple can make use of counselling if they are interested in keeping a relationship together. Marriage and relationship guidance can work well, and be the ideal solution for any couple that is seeking answers to the issues that are interfering with their relationship. The one thing that both people need to prepare themselves for is the chance that the answers you receive from your counsellor may not be what you expect.

Someone that is well trained in marriage and relationship guidance will know not to take sides. This can be a troublefor some that go to guidance, because they assume the counsellor will take their side against their partner. A qualified counsellor will understand that there is never any “right” or “improper” in a relationship, that each person will have legitimate points and issues.

When a relationship runs into hassle it is never a matter of which person is right or improper about an issue, the problems lies with how the couple need to have issues.

Couples that talk issues out and come to an equitable solution are less most likely to have problem. The couples that end up having trouble are the ones that argue about issues and never come to a solution. Instead of rationally solving the issue, they make it possible for their feelings to be brought into every conversation, when that happens issues never seem to get resolved.

Marriage and relationship guidance will teach each person to own their feelings and remove them from everyday choices. Many people will have troubles performing this and it could take a lot of time and practice for some to reach the point where they can keep their emotions in check. When discussing an issue each person wants to learn to stay on the issue, and not use the issue as an excuse to make a personal attack against his or her partner.

Your counsellor will also have one-on-one conversations with both people so that they can search for behavioral patterns that might be in the way of the relationship. Many people get very comfortable with destructive patterns such as anger, the person may be so at ease with their way of handling conflict that they may not realise what they are carrying out. When the counsellor points out these patterns, some people will be embarrassed, some will be defensive, and others will strive to adjust the pattern.

Marriage and relationship guidance can assist both partners in dealing with all of their personal issues that could be affecting the relationship. If one person has low self-esteem, the counsellor will help them construct their confidence. People devoid of any self-esteem will often let their companions take advantage of them within the relationship. This is not a good situation for either partner but it is specifically bad for the one who lacks confidence in themselves.

Marriage and relationship guidance can help both people uncover underlying feelings and issues that are affecting their relationship. facing these issues will not only make your relationship with your partner superior, it could also help you with all of the relationships in your life. There are many diverse areas to seek marriage and relationship guidance. You can seek help from a professional counsellor, from someone within your religion, or a sociable employee. No issue where you seek counselling, if you are having difficulty within your marriage or relationship it is a good idea to seek the assistance and counsel of a trained outdoors party.

We offer quality marriage counselling sydney and across NSW. Associated marriage counsellors Sydney; for quality marriage counselling sydney and at 10 other locations. Call (02) 8002 1019 , 418/185 Elizabeth Street, Sydney NSW 2000.

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Here are some warning signs that a person you have met or are starting a relationship with may be a Narcissist.

He may blame every error of his, every failure or mishap on other people, or on the world at large.

He may be hypersensitive to ribbing and insults. He may treat children or animals with little thought and respect.

He may be too eager to get more time together and create a fast and furious relationship.

He can immediately cast you in the role of the love of his life and press for exclusivity and instant intimacy. He may text or phone you incessantly, or need to know where you are at all times.

He may not respect your boundaries and privacy, or may ignore your wishes, or want to be included in everything you do.

He may tend to want to control the situation and you compulsively, eg insist you ride in his car, hold on to the car keys, the money, or the theatre tickets. He may disapprove if you are away for too long, and interrogate you when you return. He may insist on a dress code.

He may act in a patronizing and condescending manner and criticise you often. He may emphasise your smallest faults (devalues you) even as he exaggerates your talents, traits, and skills (idealises you).

He may be wildly unrealistic in his expectations from you, from himself, from the budding relationship, and from life in general.

He may tell you that you make him feel good. Next thing, he may tell you that you make him feel bad, or that you make him feel violent, or that you provoke him.

He adopts a physical posture which implies and exudes an air of superiority, seniority, hidden powers, mysteriousness or amused indifference.

He takes part in social interactions and banter condescendingly, from a position of superiority.

He may ask for special treatment of some kind. Not to wait his turn, to have a longer or a shorter therapeutic session, to talk directly to authority figures (and not to their assistants or secretaries), to be granted special payment terms, to enjoy custom tailored arrangements, and can
frequently and embarrassingly dress down service providers such as restaurant staff or taxi drivers.

He flatters, adores, admires and applauds you in an embarrassingly exaggerated and profuse manner.

In general, he prefers show-off to substance and is shallow. He will not admit to ignorance or to errors in any field.

He may brag incessantly. His speech is peppered with I, my, myself, and mine. He describes himself as intelligent, or rich, or modest, or intuitive, or creative, but always excessively, implausibly, and extraordinarily so.

His past life may sound unusually rich and complex. His achievements often seem beyond his age and education. Yet, his actual condition is in reality incompatible with his claims. He name-drops and appropriates other people’s experiences and accomplishments as his own.

He likes to talk about himself and only about himself. He is not interested in others or what they have to say. He is never reciprocal. He acts disdainful, even angry, if he feels an intrusion on his precious time.

In general, he is very impatient, easily bored, with strong attention deficits, unless and until he is the topic of discussion.

If you ask him about his emotions, he will intellectualise, rationalise, or talk about himself in the third person and in a detached scientific tone.

He may become enraged when required to delve deeper into his motives, fears, hopes, wishes, and needs.

He is usually very serious about himself. He may possess a fabulous sense of humour, scathing and cynical, but rarely is he self-deprecating.

If you have found that you are already in a relationship with a Narcissist, and would like relationship counselling, or help in leaving a Narcissist, contact us at the Hart Centre Australia. We have over 50 Psychologists around Australia who have been educated in Narcissism and can knowledgably help you in dealing with your situation. We also offer Skype sessions for overseas clients or those you can’t attend one of our centres. Phone Australia 1300 830 553, or +617 55190004

Home Solar Power is now cheaper than Coal By installing Solar Power on your home you now have the capability to generate your own clean power for less cost than polluting coal based electricity whilst also doing your bit towards saving the planet.

How Solar Power works:
Solar Panels or photovoltaic panels convert light energy from the sun into DC electricity. This direct current power is then sent to a box called an inverter that converts this electricity into alternating current power that can be used within your house or be exported to the public grid for other houses in the area to purchase.

The Price you are currently paying for electricity:
Depending on the state and town you are in and depending on the time of day you use electricity will depend on how much you pay for it. On average, households can pay between $0.30 and $0.40 per Kilo Watt Hour for electricity during peak hours which are usually between 2pm and 8pm. Costs for shoulder period electricity may be around $0.15 to $0.20 per KwH. .

The Price of Solar Electricity:
As most homeowners buy or lease a Solar Power System rather than actually buy the electricity, the standard mechanism for determining the actual cost of this electricity is done using the LCOE (Levelised Cost of Electricity). This is calculated by taking the upfront cost of the system and dividing it by the amount of KwH’s it will produce over its lifetime. .

Currently a 1.5kW Solar Installation costs around $2,500 fully installed (after available rebates). Over the expected 20 year life of the system, it should produce around 36,000 KwH’s. When dividing the upfront system cost by this number, it equates to an average electricity price of under $0.07 per KwH - a lot less than current electricity prices. As electricity prices significantly increase over time this difference becomes even greater, as the electricity costs from the Solar Power installation remain the same.

To understand your options for getting your home powered with Solar Panels, or to understand more about Commercial Solar Power contact Todae Solar on 1300 GO SOLAR for high quality Solar Power Installations across Australia.

Have you ever got the sense that your partner thinks he or she is generally superior to you, or more entitled to things than you are? Does he or she find a multitude of ways to devalue you or ignore you? Does he or he try to control you? If so, you may be living with a Narcissist.

Narcissism is considered a spectrum Disorder, which means that there are degrees of manifestation of the characteristics, so a person could have a couple of Narcissistic traits, right through to many or all, which means they would be closer to a Narcissistic Personality Disorder, as defined in the DSMIV.

Generally speaking, Narcissism is a condition of an Inflated False Self, which gives him or her a strong sense of self importance and a grandiose image of himself. He enters into relationships entirely for the purpose of keeping his grandiosity reinforced, as a source of Narcissistic supply for himself. He will idealise those who mirror this for him and devalue anyone as soon as they don’t. There is a real lack of genuine empathy for, or real interest in others, and a massive denial of his own problems, weaknesses, and vulnerabilities.
How did you become a willing victim? Why you?

If you find yourself in a relationship with a Narcissist, at some stage you might wonder why you? What does this say about you, your tolerance for pain and your sanity?
It is true that there is a particular kind of person that finds themself with a Narcissist, at least often well beyond the first indication that there is an underlying nastiness in him.

The kind of person who seems to unwittingly attract a Narcissist is someone who has Borderline characteristics, (which has also been referred to as Co-dependent or compliant) and has a deflated false self.

In Transactional Analysis terms, a Narcissist’s underlying Life position is I’m Ok, You’re Not OK, whereas a Borderline’s underlying Life Position is I’m Not OK, You’re OK.

Interestingly, a Borderline’s profile is less defended that the Narcissist, and less destructive to others, and therefore closer to achieving a healthy relationship, if you can gain true insight into what is happening and what is going wrong in your relationships and be able to develop a stronger identity and boundaries.
Can our relationship be helped?

If both you and your partner are committed to make your relationship a healthy and happy one, then I believe this is worth working on.

Finding a Psychologist who is familiar and experienced with these conditions is important as Narcissism can be notoriously difficult to pick up in a few sessions if the Psychologist is not trained in this. (Education on Narcissism is taught in Psychology courses but does not fully explain the widespread occurrence of this condition, and also the full ramifications of this, particularly to the partner. We at the Hart Centre are committed to ongoing training in these areas and in supporting you in managing yourself and your relationships.)

The success of relationship counselling and marriage counselling depends on many factors, but is largely due to the commitment of both partners to see their patterns and contributions, and be willing to change.

You will often not know how willing you and your partner are to do this until you attempt to do so. You will be able to see for yourselves over 3 to 6 sessions what real effort each of you are putting in to see the problems, own your contributions and make changes.

We can also support you if you have decided to leave your Narcissistic partner, and want help and assistance in rebuilding your life.

The Hart Centre has 54 centres for relationship and marriage counselling around Australia, so you will most probably find one close to you. You will find our Sydney relationship counselling centres in 15 different locations in Sydney, both in the CBD and suburbs. In Adelaide we have relationship and marriage counselling centres in 5 locations across Adelaide. Phone 1300830552 to speak to our friendly receptionists.

For relationship counselling Sydney and marriage counselling Sydney contact the Hart Center. The Hart Center can also help with marriage counselling Adelaide.

Located near the impressive Murrumbidgee River in idyllic South Western NSW, the Riverina township of Hay has grown from its modest origins in the Gold Rush era to a significant agricultural and transportation nexus and popular tourist attraction. Combining natural beauty, historical significance and essential Australian industry, the Hay Shire incorporates both the town of Hay as well as the surrounding villages of Booligal, Maude and One Tree. The flat saltbrush plains of Hay are home to some of Australia’s foremost wool growing and sheep meat producing areas, as well as cattle ranches and many agricultural outputs such as broccoli and garlic.

Also around Hay are the Riverine Forest, Grey Box Woodlands and Native Scrublands, home to a multitude of famous Australian fauna, such as Kangaroos and Black Swans. The plains of Hay have given ideal living conditions for human settlement going back to the Nari Nari Aboriginal community who inhabited the area. White settlement began with the founding of four squatter properties, growing into a community funded by trade with the stockmen and riverboats who traversed Langs Crossing.

Along with the construction of a hotel, post office and courthouse, Hay grew with the famous Cobb and Co making it their base of operations for Victoria and the Riverina, including the largest stagecoach factory outside of Sydney. Growing tenfold in population, Hay was later depopulated due to almost every adult male enlisting for service in World War I, of which 1/6 were did not return home. Hay’s population would later be doubled after the thousands of war prisoners and refugees held in the area during World War II were released and later resettled in Hay. Still a rural agricultural town, Hay embraces and celebrates its history and natural beauty with a number of locations and establishments that cater to tourists and locals alike.

For short term accommodation hay, accommodation hay or holiday home hay, make sure you investigate Murrumbidgee Cottages. Both of our cottages are situated just a short distance from the picturesque Murrumbidgee river and are perfect for families. If you are looking for a holiday home for a couple of days, short term accommodation or even something longer either would be a great fit.

Does relationship counselling work? How about individual therapy for anxiety and depression. Associated Counsellors & Psychologists Sydney, a leading service provider, answers your questions about counselling therapy.

It’s commonly asked by our clients is: ”Does counselling really work?” You may be considering getting some help with a relationship, with anxiety or stress, or perhaps low mood or depression. Whatever the reasons causing concern, there’s good news: clinical counselling has proven to help people with common mental health complaints such as anxiety and depression. And importantly also, counselling for marriage or couple issues is a validated therapy for assisting couples to improve their relationship.

How does counselling work?
There are many types of modalities that counsellors can use to help you. The chosen mode will largely depend on the counsellors training and their judgement of your difficulty. Treatment for anxiety and depression can include cognitive behavioural therapy. This therapy works to look at behaviours and thoughts that generally increase your level of anxiety or depression, and help you to overcome this patterned reaction. For instance, those who suffer anxiety could be telling themselves things such as: ”I will never make it”, or ”I will be terribly embarrassed if people see how nervous I am”. Such beliefs are recognised together with your therapist, and altered, positive self-representations are now employed to challenge these beliefs. With ongoing practice and some skills training such as relaxation, positive results are experienced by most people.

Can relationship counselling really help my marriage?
It’s important to see that relationships are fluid -they go through phases, from the initial honeymoon stage to a maturing of the relationships. For most couples, as the relationship matures, so do personal demands and responsibility, be it in the form of increased work pressure or children coming into the family, etc. As these pressures increase, the partners in the relationship are no longer able to accommodate each other’s emotional needs, and conflict may develop - perhaps into frequent and recurring arguments. Relationship counselling helps each partner to learn to soothe their own distress, and at the same time learn to identify and name any unspoken needs that are not satisfactory. Partners can learn to begin to negotiate what they can do for each other and which demands may need to go unmet. A new, more realistic life plan is identified.

What issues can psychologists help with?
Therapists and psychologists are familiar with assisting over a wide range of issues including anxiety or stress, depression or sadness, marriage and couple issues, grief and bereavement, addictions, anger management, eating disorders and many other complaints of modern living.

How should I choose a counsellor or psychologist?
Contact a registered counsellor or psychologist for a start to a better life. Licenced mental health professionals are able to help you to overcome emotional challenges. Depending on the country you are in you can seek assistance from the professional body that registers psychologists or counsellors in your state. In Australia, Associated Counsellors & Psychologists Sydney are able to offer details of a registered therapist near you.

Associated Counsellors & Psychologists Sydney - counselling services including, cognitive therapy, general counselling, psychology and marriage counselling Sydney. Call (02)8205 0566 or visit 418/185 Elizabeth Street, Sydney 2000.

At the scene of a violent crime, the examining officer will likely see blood and evidence of other bodily fluids. These can tell a great deal about what occurred, not only regarding how the crime was committed, but also about the people involved.

Nearly everyone knows his or her basic blood type, whether it is A, B, AB, or 0, and Rhesus negative or positive. This division of blood into types was first done by Austrian physiologist Karl Landsteiner at the end of the 19th century. In his experiments, he took samples of blood and separated the red cells from the liquid, called serum. He managed this by spinning the blood at high speed in a centrifuge. Then he took the serum and added red cells from different people. They behaved in two different ways: either the cells mixed with the serum, or they clumped together (clotted), (”agglutinated”).

A number of attempts at blood transfusion had been made in the past, but this observation explained for the first time why a great proportion had failed. When the blood was not of precisely the same type as that in the body, it resulted in agglutination, and the patient died. Quick tests of blood samples to discover whether agglutination will occur is now made before a transfusion is performed.

DIVIDING BLOOD INTO GROUPS
Red blood cells contain substances called antigens. Antigens help make antibodies which fight infection and disease. Landsteiner thought that his experiment showed the presence of two specific antigens, which he labelled A and B. The discovery of these antigens caused him to divide human blood into 4 basic groups:

Group A: antigen A present; antigen B absent
Group B: antigen A absent; antigen B present
Group AB: both antigens A and B present
Group 0: both antigens absent

The particular blood group of an individual depends on the genetic inheritance from both parents. Known as ABO typing, it has been used, for example, to identify the biological father in paternity cases. How common each group is can vary from one national population to another. In the United States, for example, the relative proportions of ABO groups are roughly 39 percent A, 13 percent B, 43 percent 0, and 5 percent AB.

In 1927, Landsteiner discovered two other antigen types, labeling their occurrence as M, N, and MN. In 1940, working in the United States, he and A.S. Wiener discovered the Rhesus factor, named after the Rhesus monkeys they investigated. Since then, other researchers have introduced more than a dozen further group systems. Different proteins and enzymes associated with specific blood groups have also been identified.

WHAT THIS MEANS FOR FORENSICS
The ability to identify blood type is an excellent means for uncovering crucial evidence in a forensic investigation. If, for example, a victim’s ABO type is O, and remains of blood of this type are found on clothing of a suspect whose type is A, there is a possibility that they have come from the victim.

Making use of the many other blood type systems now available, this probability can be greatly increased. If blood of type 0 occurs in 43 percent of the population, the substance haptoglobin-2 in 36% of these, and the enzyme PGM-2 in five percent, then the probability of an individual having these three blood types together is 43 x 36 x 5 = 7,740 in 1 million. In other words, around eight people in every thousand have this specific type of blood. It’s still insufficient to obtain a conviction on this evidence alone, but it can help to narrow the group of suspects.

In 1925, another valuable discovery was made. Around 80% of humans are ’secretors’. This means their saliva, urine, perspiration, and semen contain the same substances as their blood, and can be used for typing in a similar way. In 1940, two British researchers discovered it was possible to distinguish between female and male body cells, in particular the white blood cells and those of the lining of the mouth. Blood typing has now become so precise that recently one scientist showed that he could distinguish between the blood of his twin daughters, who were genetically identical, because one had suffered from chicken pox and the other hadn’t.

SPLASHES OF BLOOD
At the scene of a violent homicidal attack, blood may be present in great quantities. Not only will it be found on the victim, but also on the weapon and the surroundings. Indoors, the floors, walls, and even the ceilings may be splashed. Careful observation of these bloodstains can provide valuable clues about what took place. Bloodstains and splashes are classified into six basic types.

Round drops are found on horizontal surfaces; depending on the height from which they fell, they can spray out into a starlike shape. Splashes of blood are shaped like an exclamation mark; they show that blood has flown through the air and hit a surface at an angle. While a victim is still alive, spurts of blood come from the pumping action of the heart. A major artery can spray the blood a considerable distance.

Pools form around the body of the bleeding victim. If there is more than one pool, he either crawled, or was dragged, from one spot to another before dying. Smears are likely also found in this case. Trails are left when a bloody corpse is moved. There will be drops if the body was carried, and smears if it was dragged.

If you are looking for a Sydney Criminal Lawyer, contact Go to Court. Our Sydney Criminal Lawyer is here to help. BS14082011SCL